Three Body Orbits

The project / method / provenance

A catalogue of orbits that repeat.

Three point masses attracting each other under Newtonian gravity have no general closed-form solution. Almost every starting arrangement ends in a chaotic dance and, eventually, an escape. Hidden in that chaos are periodic solutions: arrangements where all three bodies return, after one period, to exactly the positions and velocities they started with.

This site collects the ones that have been found and published, and lets you watch each of them run. Start with the figure-8, Broucke A11 or a free-fall orbit.

Orbits in the atlas
3,942
Belgrade classes
242
Broucke
52
Li–Liao classes
1,964
Free-fall
311
Sofia searches
709
Choreographies
583
This site’s searches
81
Linearly stable
1,558
Median loop closure
1.3×10⁻²⁴
Closed beyond 10⁻⁹
3,916
Spline knots stored
9,717,300
01

How the atlas works

From published initial conditions to precise, lightweight playback.

Compute once

Every orbit starts from the initial conditions its discoverers published. Those are re-converged, with Newton’s method in 32-digit arithmetic, until the loop closes to the limit of the arithmetic, then integrated once over a full period with a high-order Taylor method and stored as a compact spline.

The atlas records the period, energy, angular momentum, closest approach and the Floquet multipliers that decide whether an orbit is linearly stable.

Play it back

The orbit animation plays the stored spline; it does not numerically integrate the system live. Brightness along a trace follows a long-exposure rule: the slower a body moves, the more light it leaves behind.

Kick it live

The kick control changes velocities and masses by a small amount in a direction fixed for that orbit, then hands the result to a live integrator for a few periods. Stable orbits tend to remain close; unstable ones can unravel. “New random kick” chooses another direction.

02

Sources

The published work behind every orbit in the atlas.

The first 2,386 sets of initial conditions were compiled by Ricky Reusser in his Periodic three-body initial conditions notebook (MIT licence); the rest were taken from the papers and their supplementary data directly, several of them at a hundred digits or more.

  • Šuvakov & Dmitrašinović (2013). Three classes of Newtonian three-body planar periodic orbits.Physical Review Letters 110, 114301 (doi)
  • Broucke (1975). On relative periodic solutions of the planar general three-body problem.Celestial Mechanics 12, 439–462 (doi)
  • Li & Liao (2017). More than six hundred new families of Newtonian periodic planar collisionless three-body orbits.Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy 60, 129511 (doi)
  • Li, Jing & Liao (2018). Over a thousand new periodic orbits of a planar three-body system with unequal masses.Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 70, 64 (doi)
  • Li & Liao (2019). Collisionless periodic orbits in the free-fall three-body problem.New Astronomy 70, 22–26 (doi)
  • Hristov, Hristova & Tanikawa (2026). An extensive search for stable periodic orbits of the equal-mass zero angular momentum three-body problem.New Astronomy 125 (link)
  • Hristov, Hristova, Puzynin, Puzynina, Sharipov & Tukhliev (2023). A database of high precision trivial choreographies for the planar three-body problem.Lecture Notes in Computer Science 13858, 171–180 (link)
  • Hristov, Hristova, Puzynin, Puzynina, Sharipov & Tukhliev (2022). New families of periodic orbits for the planar three-body problem computed with high precision.CEUR Workshop Proceedings 3191, 45–50 (link)
  • Li, Li & Liao (2021). One family of 13315 stable periodic orbits of non-hierarchical unequal-mass triple systems.Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy 64, 219511 (doi)
  • Rose (2016). Geometric phase and periodic orbits of the equal-mass, planar three-body problem with vanishing angular momentum.PhD thesis, University of Sydney (link)
  • Hristov, Hristova, Puzynin, Puzynina, Sharipov & Tukhliev (2024). Nontrivial choreographies of the planar three-body problem.Physics of Particles and Nuclei 55, 495–497 (doi)
  • Simó (2001). Dynamical properties of the figure eight solution of the three-body problem.Contemporary Mathematics 292 (Celestial Mechanics, dedicated to Donald Saari) (doi)
  • Broucke & Boggs (1975). Periodic orbits in the planar general three-body problem.Celestial Mechanics 11, 13–38 (doi)
  • Dmitrašinović, Hudomal, Shibayama & Sugita (2018). Linear stability of periodic three-body orbits with zero angular momentum and topological dependence of Kepler’s third law.Journal of Physics A 51, 315101 (link)
  • Titov (2012). Periodic solutions of the three-body problem with unequal masses in the vicinity of the figure-eight.Russian Journal of Nonlinear Dynamics 8, 377–389 (doi)
  • Three-body Moth-I¹³ computer-assisted proof (2026). A computer-assisted proof of a periodic orbit near moth I at masses 1, 1, 1.001.GitHub, Rexyysilent/three-body-moth13-cap (link)
  • Hénon (1976). A family of periodic solutions of the planar three-body problem, and their stability.Celestial Mechanics 13, 267–285 (doi)
  • Moore & Nauenberg (2006). New periodic orbits for the n-body problem.Journal of Computational and Nonlinear Dynamics 1, 307–311 (doi)
  • Sheen (2016). Periodic three-body solutions found with a root finder, example code for Cornell’s Intermediate Dynamics course.GitHub, mws262/MAE5730_examples; six of them in the Belgrade three-body gallery (link)
  • Three Body Orbits (2026). Two previously uncatalogued Broucke-region orbits.Research note, threebodyorbits.com, 8 September 2026
  • Three Body Orbits (2026). Eight-hour Broucke-like orbit search.Research note, threebodyorbits.com, 9 September 2026
  • Three Body Orbits (2026). New-family orbit search.Research note, threebodyorbits.com, 9 September 2026
  • Three Body Orbits (2026). golden pancake drama: a linearly stable three-body orbit on an unequal-mass isola.Draft numerical research note (PDF), threebodyorbits.com, 9 September 2026
  • Three Body Orbits (2026). Stable satellites of the Broucke–Hadjidemetriou–Hénon family.Research note, threebodyorbits.com, 27 September 2026
  • Šuvakov (2026). Newtonian periodic three-body orbits with angular momentum.Personal communication, September 2026
  • Vasiljević, Raonić & Dmitrašinović (2023). An island of linearly stable non-hierarchical unequal mass periodic three-body orbits.New Astronomy 100, 101969 (doi)
03

Families

Related solutions, gathered by shape and topology.

  • Figure-828 orbits

    Three equal masses chase each other along a single figure-eight curve, the most famous choreography.

    View on map →
  • Butterfly I19 orbits

    Two wings of tight loops, with the bodies crossing through the centre at high speed.

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  • Dragonfly II16 orbits

    Slim, elongated wings that stretch far from the centre of mass.

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  • Yin-Yang III20 orbits

    Two interlocking halves whose lobes wrap around each other.

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  • Moth IVa36 orbits

    Broad, fringed wings built from many overlapping passes.

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  • Butterfly IVb32 orbits

    A second butterfly sequence with a different topology from class I.

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  • Moth IVc22 orbits

    Moth-like shapes from a third topological class.

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  • Yarn VI6 orbits

    Dense skeins of thread wound around a hollow core.

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  • Moth VIIa8 orbits

    Symmetric moths whose wings meet along a luminous seam.

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  • Moth VIIb12 orbits

    Related moths with a different winding of the outer lobes.

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  • The eighth sequence of the Belgrade gallery, recovered from its archived pages; three orbits that appear in no other catalogue.

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  • Broucke A16 orbits

    Broucke’s 1975 retrograde family: a binary and a third body circling it, the binary turning one way and the third body’s orbit the other; several are linearly stable.

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  • Broucke R13 orbits

    The prograde counterpart of the A family: the binary and the third body’s orbit turn the same way.

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  • Broucke and Boggs’s 1975 survey of periodic orbits at many mass ratios, most of them reported linearly stable.

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  • Zero-angular-momentum relatives of Broucke’s rosettes: two equal bodies in a close binary and a lighter third body circling them the other way, its mass tuned so that the precession closes the pattern after a whole number of turns and the inner paths cross the outer one. Fourteen representatives from the site’s own September 2026 search, all linearly stable; points on a known continuous family rather than a new one. Named by the inner and outer winding counts.

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  • I.A513 orbits

    Class I.A orbits found with Liao’s clean numerical simulation method, for a third body of varying mass.

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  • I.B540 orbits

    Class I.B orbits, for equal and unequal masses.

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  • I.C3 orbits

    The rare class I.C orbits.

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  • II.A20 orbits

    Class II.A orbits with an unequal third mass.

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  • II.B35 orbits

    Class II.B orbits, mostly long-period.

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  • II.C844 orbits

    The largest class in the atlas: hundreds of II.C orbits for seven mass ratios.

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  • II.D2 orbits

    Two class II.D orbits with a heavy third body.

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  • Free-fall311 orbits

    Three bodies released from rest fall together, swing past each other and return to rest exactly where they started.

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  • Stable orbits found by an exhaustive search of the figure-eight’s neighbourhood: each traces the eight with extra loops and twists, and every one is linearly stable to 40 digits.

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  • Moth region103 orbits

    Stable orbits from the moth-like part of the search domain, between the figure-eight and the Schubart regions.

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  • Schubart region213 orbits

    Stable orbits that pass extremely close to a binary collision, descended from Schubart’s rectilinear orbit. They needed 100-digit arithmetic to find.

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  • Stable orbits related to Broucke’s isosceles orbit, with one body swinging through the other two.

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  • All three bodies follow one closed curve, each a third of a period behind the next. Every one here is linearly stable.

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  • Choreographies whose knot is not a power of the figure-eight’s: three bodies on one closed curve with a topology of its own. Computed to 180 digits; all unstable.

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  • Carles Simó’s catalogue of three-body choreographies with nonzero angular momentum, the curves that made choreographies famous. All unstable except the figure-eight.

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  • Titov’s continuations of the figure-eight to a lighter third body, where the curve splits into two lobes.

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  • A satellite of moth I whose existence at masses 1, 1, 1.001 is established by a computer-assisted proof.

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  • New families123 orbits

    Orbits from topological families that no earlier catalogue contained; all of them unstable.

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  • The stable moth IVa.2.A continued to unequal masses: one body a little lighter or heavier than the other two, and the orbit stays stable.

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  • Orbits from Rose’s survey of the symmetry-reduced problem, which reaches parts of phase space the other searches do not.

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  • Three linearly stable orbits found here in September 2026 by pushing the Broucke region past the published catalogue’s limit of T* = 800: two continue known lap sequences, one is a seventeen-fold resonant satellite of the Broucke-region orbit B1. Verified independently to 160 bits and again by this atlas’s own tool; not published elsewhere.

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  • Forty-two periodic orbits of topologies absent from the checked catalogues, found in a September 2026 search at unequal masses: the middle body lighter or heavier than the outer two, or all three different. Each is named by its free-group word, a few by a nickname; all are unstable. Candidate new families relative to the catalogues checked, not established discoveries.

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  • Golden pancake drama is the one linearly stable orbit of the September 2026 new-family search, with masses 1, 0.612 and 1; beside it are six samples of the closed mass loop it sits on, an isola whose middle mass runs from 0.469 to 0.635 and never reaches equal masses, with a stretch of the orbit’s own topology and a stretch shaped like a threefold figure-eight satellite. Numerically verified to 160 bits; not published elsewhere.

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  • Thirteen equal-mass orbits with angular momentum from Milovan Šuvakov’s own searches, shared with this atlas in September 2026. Seven are the figure-eight carried to nonzero angular momentum, its 1/5 to 2/3 resonances, all linearly stable; four lie on a branch that ends, at zero angular momentum, in Broucke’s isosceles collision orbit; two branch off Broucke’s A family. Numbered as in his file.

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  • Satellites of the Broucke–Hadjidemetriou–Hénon family at equal masses, closed by a rational rotation. A satellite loop is k laps around the binary, of the retrograde (A) or the prograde (R) branch, and the pattern turns r/s of a turn per loop, so the orbit closes after s loops. Fourteen linearly stable ones from the site’s own September 2026 bifurcation search, none in the catalogues checked. Their words are powers of the family’s one-letter word: new orbits, not new topologies. Coded by branch, k and r/s. One further orbit, A 2/3 (0.3:0.6:1), is no satellite: a stable member of the A family itself at masses 0.3, 0.6 and 1, closed at two thirds of a turn per loop, a known family at a closure the catalogues do not list, included for its shape.

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  • A dozen orbits Matthew Sheen found in 2016 with a root finder and hand-picked starting guesses while a teaching assistant on Cornell’s dynamics course, named for what they look like; six hang in the Belgrade gallery. Most of them carry angular momentum. His loop-ended triangles turned out to be Broucke and Boggs’s S4 of 1975, mirrored, and is listed under that name.

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04

Use and participation

Reuse the data, make an orbit, or help rank the collection.

Reusing the data

Everything the atlas computed, the catalogue of measurements, the stored splines, the thumbnails and the map layout, is free to reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence (CC BY 4.0): use it for anything, commercially too, as long as you credit Three Body Orbits with a link to threebodyorbits.com. Please also cite the papers the orbits come from. The initial conditions taken from Ricky Reusser’s compilation remain under its MIT licence.

Your personal orbit

This atlas grew out of Cosmic Signature, a generator that turns a name and a date of birth into a unique three-body orbit and lets you print it.

Ratings and battles

On the battle page two orbits play side by side and you pick one; both move by the Elo rule, and the head-to-head leaderboard ranks orbits that have fought at least five battles. Every orbit page also has a five-step rating. Both are shared by all visitors.

Ratings are anonymous. Your browser keeps a random identifier in local storage so you can change your mind about an orbit, and the server keeps a one-way hash of your network address with each vote so that it is counted once. Rankings use a weighted average that leans towards the overall mean until an orbit has collected a few votes. Details are in the privacy policy.

05

Colophon

Precomputation in Rust: a double-double Taylor-series integrator and eigensolver written for this atlas, DOP853 from the ode_solvers crate for the double-precision seed, and tiny-skia for the thumbnails. Playback uses plain JavaScript and an HTML canvas. Typeset in Archivo and JetBrains Mono. Hosted on Netlify, with the orbit data served by Cloudflare Pages.

The shape-sphere view and the topology classification follow notes and a reference implementation by Milovan Šuvakov, with thanks.

Licences and privacy.